AMD Update 12 Artificial Retina Created From Human Embryonic Stem Cells

As reported by Medical News Today, UC Irvine scientists have created an eight-layer, early stage retina from human embryonic stem cells, the first three-dimensional tissue structure to be made from stem cells. It also marks the first step toward the development of transplant-ready retinas to treat eye disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration that affect millions.

"We made a complex structure consisting of many cell types," said study leader Hans Keirstead of the Reeve-Irvine Research Center and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center at UCI. "This is a major advance in our quest to treat retinal disease."

A step in the process of producing the 8-layer artificial retina from HESCs 

In previous studies on spinal cord injury, the Keirstead group originated a method by which human embryonic stem cells could be directed to become specific cell types, a process called differentiation. Results of those studies are leading to the world's first clinical trial using a stem cell-based therapy for acute spinal cord injury.

In this study, the Keirstead team utilized the differentiation technique to create the multiple cell types necessary for the retina. The greatest challenge, Keirstead said, was in the engineering. To mimic early stage retinal development, the researchers needed to build microscopic gradients for solutions in which to bathe the stem cells to initiate specific differentiation paths.

"Creating this complex tissue is a first for the stem cell field," Keirstead said. "Dr. Gabriel Nistor in our group addressed a really interesting scientific problem with an engineering solution, showing that gradients of solutions can create complex stem cell-based tissues."

UCI researchers used human embryonic stem cells to create these retinal progenitor cells, which later developed into a three-dimensional tissue sheet.

More than 10 million Americans suffer from macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in people over 55. About 100,000 have retinitis pigmentosa, a progressive, genetic disorder that usually manifests in childhood.

"What's so exciting with our discovery," Keirstead said, "is that creating transplantable retinas from stem cells could help millions of people, and we are well on the way."

The UCI researchers are testing the early-stage retinas in animal models to learn how much they improve vision. Positive results would lead to human clinical trials.

The study appears online in the Journal of Neuroscience Methods. Nistor, Magdalene J. Seiler, Fengrong Yan and David Ferguson contributed to the effort, supported by The Lincy Foundation and private donations to the Keirstead group.

Source: Tom Vasich

University of California - Irvine

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Benefits Of Chromium To Human Health

By Brian Sanders

A trace metal is available in small concentration in both the tissues of plants and animals. It has numerous health benefits in human life. Its sources include peas, oysters, yeast, coffee, cereals, and so forth and so on. Until 1997, it was not recognized as a necessary nutrient. Patients who received intravenous nutrition that lacked chromium experienced abnormal glucose metabolism. However, when the trace metal supplemented their nutrition they regained their normality.

The diverse advantages presented by trace nutrients are surprising compared to their low concentrations. Regular intake helps in digestion of carbohydrates to release energy. In addition, blood sugar level are maintained at a top-notch position by enabling the body achieve a homeostatic state. Diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and hypertension are significantly reduced. Investigations are being conducted to establish whether the compounds released have an effect on diseases such as Alzheimer and loss of memory.

The compound has abilities to protect the human cells from damage. Incidences of benign and cancerous tumors are eliminated since the traces triggers repair of damage cells, and prevents abnormal replication. The chances of getting heart conditions can be avoided by regular intake of compounds. The cholesterols are broken down enabling proper functioning of heart. Excellent blood circulation improves the respiratory system. The product reduces the abnormal craving for food, hence, eliminating probability of being obese.

There are wide varieties of stores that have amazing online experience. Google searching is a technique that can be used to identify stores that offer excellent supplements. Browsing through several websites enables clients to locate stores that offer genuine products. It is recommendable to purchase from established sites. Those people that are allergic to ingredients such as peanuts should confirm its absence before making an order. Most stores have tendency of providing discounts, packaging, and shipping services to clients that make online orders.

The amount present in processed foods tends to be reduced significantly. This is according to recent studies that were conducted on the compound. White bread will contain significantly lower concentration than wheat bread. There is need to exercise safe cooking habits, since rigorous cooking of sources of these compound depletes them completely. Lightly cooking of vegetables retains a large amount of nutrient.

The trace substances have ability of integrating with other nutrients. The best functioning is achieved when vitamin c is available in a diet. It is recommended for pregnant women since it boosts the immunity of both the mother and the infant. The source of trace metals and vitamin C must be from original food. Blood levels are increased when iron is included in daily diet.

Iron and metal nutrients are transferred by protein transferrin. Consumption of food containing these substances cannot cause toxicity. However, hexavalent forms are very toxic. Presence of toxic substances has not been established.

There is no enough information to prove the metal has any effect on general health of human beings. The Internet consists of information that cannot be relied on. Therefore, safety standard of processed nutrients are not clear.

About the Author:

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Five Reasons Why You Should Learn Human Anatomy

by Nina

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nichlaes Tulp by Rembrandt

A friend of mine surprised me the other day by saying she thought I should blog about anatomy more often. When I said that we’ve got Baxter and Shari to do that and that I thought of my post Hyperextension of the Knees and Yoga as an exception, she replied particularly liked how I wrote about anatomy in layman’s terms, making it very accessible.

The truth is that I find anatomy just fascinating. Years ago when I was in Paris, I went with my friends and family to the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. In the Great Gallery of Evolution, there was an extensive display of the skeletons of large number of species of living creatures, both great and small. I was so excited to see for myself how all mammals, from mice to whales to humans, have the same bone structure (with different variations in the sizes, shapes, and proportions of the bones). Different species of fish, on the other hand, can have dramatically different bone structures from each other.

And my friend’s comment got me thinking about why I thought human anatomy was so intriguing, how my understanding of human anatomy related to my yoga practice, and why I thought it was a good idea for everyone who practices to learn at least a bit about human anatomy.

1. Improves your alignment. Of course, you can just do the basic shape of a yoga pose without worrying too much about subtle alignment techniques. But working with alignment cues involving specific muscles and bones has several important benefits. First, you can learn to bear your weight more symmetrically in the pose—helping to keep you safer. Then, you can learn to make the pose more comfortable—you can breathe more easily, feel more freedom in the pose, and allow the energy move through you without getting stuck in certain tight areas. (Oh, yes, that feels better, doesn’t it?) See Tucking and Tilting the Pelvis for an example.

2. Enables you to customize your practice. It seems that almost everyone has a little something different about his or her body—something that deviates from the standard, you might say. It could be some usual flexibility, such as hyperextension of knees that I discussed in Hyperextension of the Knees and Yoga or the same thing in your elbows, an asymmetry like scoliosis or one leg shorter than the other, a misalignment, such as knock knees or a carrying angle in your arms—the list goes on and on. When you learn about these differences in your own anatomy, you can use your knowledge of anatomy in general to adapt your asana practice to your particular needs and concerns. For example, in my post Hyperextension of the Knees and Yoga, I talked about how I’ve worked with my knees over the years by focusing on moving individual bones and muscles.

3. Improves your proprioception. Working with individual muscles and bones in your poses helps make you more sensitive physically (you can wake up unresponsive areas by focusing on them). Having more sensitivity in the nerves that tell you where you are in space will, in turn, make you more agile (see Yoga for Agility) and improve your balance (see Balance and Safety).

4. Allows mindfulness. Although you can work with your breath in your poses as a mindfulness practice (see No Control: Watching Your Breath As It Is During Asana), you can also use specific alignment techniques in your poses—changing them from day to day—to focus your mind on a particular body part or sensation. This provides you with wide variety of ways to harness your mind to your body, which can help you from falling into a rut in your practice. As my teacher Donald once said, “Feeling an adjustment is concentration. Feeling the adjustment ripple through your body is meditation.” See What is Mindfulness? for further information.

5. Teaches you to love your body from the inside out. Learning anatomy can give you an appreciation of the marvelous complexity the human body! Just feeling the aliveness of my body as I practice yoga is often a great joy to me. And turning your focus from how you look in a pose to how your anatomy enables you to move into the various shapes of the poses allows you to let go of body image concerns. Like a mouse or a whale or every other human being, you are made up of skin and muscles and bones and organs, all throbbing and pulsing with life. This is the real “yoga body.”

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