Strength Building How Long to Hold Poses

by Baxter

Joy Sassoon, Age 60, Photographed by Tanya Constantine

In past posts, I have tried to give you some guidelines on how to use yoga poses to increase or maintain the strength of your both your bones and muscles (see Yoga for Strength: An Overview). Today based on some new information I have learned, I’d like to revisit my guidelines for how long to hold your poses because I’m going to make some different recommendations. 

Building Stronger Bones 

For building stronger bones, I initially used information from Loren Fishman’s book Yoga for Osteoporosis, in which he cited an animal study that showed placing strain on a bone starts to stimulate new bone to be laid down as early as 8 seconds. But in his recently completed 10-year study that utilized 12 poses done over 12 minutes, Dr. Fishman had the participants hold the poses for 30 seconds each (nine of the poses were asymmetric and therefore would take 1 minute total to complete) with positive results. So for strengthening bones, I'm now going to suggest that you hold your postures for 30 seconds, if possible. Could you hold them for less than 30 seconds, especially if you are weak or fatigued? Sure, but we don’t have evidence at this time that those timings would be as effective for bone building. 

Building Stronger Muscles

In my post Yoga for Strength: An Overview, I recommended that holding your poses statically for 90 seconds would build muscle effectively. Unfortunately, I cannot locate the research I used to make that statement. But in going back to look at this more closely for our upcoming book, I discovered some important facts I’d like to share with you today that flip my earlier recommendations almost upside down. 

There are two commonly used techniques to build muscle mass and strength, both in sports training and rehabilitation from injury. The first technique uses motion against resistance, called resistance training, as in curling a 10lb. weight up and down with your arm smoothly at the gym to build up your bicep. This utilizes what is known as “isotonic” muscle contraction (with the muscle contracting and visibly shortening during the curl) against some sort of resistance (the hand weight) to build muscle. And because you lower the weight down slowly, your bicep muscle also is contracting as it is grossly lengthening, which is called “eccentric” contraction. For this action to be effective, you have to do multiple repetitions. In our yoga practice, dynamic sequences or mini vinyasas could count as resistance training, especially if you do them more slowly. Since we are using our own body weight as the resistance, it may not work as quickly to build muscle as weight training, but it will still build strength. See below for more recommendations about how to use this technique in your asana practice. 

The second technique is isometric holds, usually accomplished by pushing or pulling on an immovable object, which maximally contracts the muscles involved without changing the gross length of the muscle (in other words, triggering an isometric contraction of those muscles). You can trigger the same response—although maybe not as maximally—by pretending to push or pull against an imaginary surface/object in yoga poses. For example, as you come into the full Warrior 2 pose (Virabradrasana 2) and hold it for a while, the leg muscles that keep you in position, such as the quadriceps, and the muscles that keep the arms out to your sides, such as the middle deltoids, are all working isometrically. You can enhance the number of muscles contracting isometrically by consciously firming all the muscles around a particular bone or joint towards the bone, sometimes called “hugging the bone”. In the world of sports training, these holds are usually for 8-10 seconds and done in a set of 6-12 reps, sometimes for more than one set. If we applied this to our yoga practice, you could do six rounds of a mini vinyasa, staying in the full pose for 3-4 breaths (around 10 seconds), while hugging the muscles to your bones in all the major areas that you want to strengthen. You could even do a second set.

If you want to practice mini vinyasas for strength, which of these two techniques should you choose? Both ways can build strength, although the second technique might arguably do it faster. But if you are new to the practice, out of shape and weak, or simply wish to gently warm up your muscles, you might wish to start with the first technique. I, myself, prefer the first technique when I plan on practicing a static hold of the pose afterward.  

Now, what about longer isometric holds? Certain modern yoga systems encourage longer holds for poses that are strengthening, such as Warrior 3 (Virabradrasana 3). The Iyengar yoga system is a prime example of this approach. Isometric training is said to have the advantage of not putting as much stress on joints as other muscle building methods, which could be particularly useful in rehabbing an injury. Another strength building concept could apply here: the idea of taking the muscles to a point of fatigue, possibly indicated by muscle shakiness, as a way of stimulating the muscle to grow. But whether that is definitely applicable here is unclear. One study I reviewed did compare shorter 3 second isometric holds to longer 30 second holds, and found that the longer holds led to greater strength in the muscles tested. But another study showed no difference in strength gains in a group over 55 between short and longer holds, yet both groups did get stronger. And, for even longer holds, it may be that you will be increasing muscle endurance, rather than muscles strength, which is a different quality and characteristic of muscles.

The only warning about longer isometric holds is that they can cause an increase in blood pressure during the hold, so those with untreated hypertension should probably avoid this method until their blood pressure is under control. 

Here are my new recommendations for building bone and muscle strength: 

1. For building bone strength, hold poses for 30 seconds or more, if possible. 
2. For building muscles using isotonic and eccentric contraction with a mini vinyasa, do the vinyasa slowly for six repetitions, possibly for two sets of six. As you increase in strength, you can add more reps per set. 
3. For building muscles isometrically with a mini vinyasa, hold the full pose for 8-10 seconds (3-4 breaths) for six repetitions, possibly for two sets of six. For example, if you were doing the Warrior 2 mini vinyasa, you would inhale from the starting position into the full pose, hold full Warrior 2 for four breaths, and then exhale back into the starting position. 
4. For building muscle strength and endurance in static poses, hold a full pose isometrically until your targeted muscles become shaky and feel fatigued, and then exit the pose. The length of time you hold the pose could be short if you are weak, out of shape, or recovering from injury, or much longer if you are healthy and relatively strong to start. You can gradually build up your length of time in the pose as your strength increases. 

In general, do your strength practices every other day to allow a day off for muscles to rest and repair, which is part of the muscle building process. (On alternate days, focus more on gentler practices, such as stretching or restorative practices, or work on pranayama and meditation.) 

Ram’s post Yoga Asanas: Resistance Training or Endurance Training? from few years back addresses some of these concepts in slightly different ways, and is worth a read if you have not seen it before. And thanks to our contributing writer Shelly Prosko for some additional information that helped clarify things for me! See these links:

The role of metabolites in strength training. II. Short versus long isometric contractions

Effects of isometric strength training on quadriceps muscle properties in over 55 year olds

Isometric Exercises & Static Strength Training

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How To Create A Muscle Building Diet To Suit Your Target Weight

By Russ Howe

Despite the popularity of gyms around the world, most people do not know how to lose weight and keep it off. The same goes for building muscle - most people have no idea how to correct their diet in order to maximize lean muscular gains.

You needn't worry, though. Learning how to do this is not very complex at all.

Both weight loss and lean muscle gain can be attributed to one particular aspect of your diet and that is your calorific intake. If you consume less calories, the general rule is that you will lose some pounds. Likewise, those who increase their calorie intake should expect to see an increase when they step on to the scales.

However, when it comes to building lean mass we need to look at something a little bit more in depth. That is because we don't simply want to add some size, we want to ensure it is the right kind of size. In order to do this, we need to see where those calories are actually coming from. [

Today's clip on how to lose weight details five extensively researched fat loss tips for you.

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If you need assistance in creating a solid calorie target for building lean size and retaining it, try the following equation. While everybody is free to tinker with it and strike a balance which works for them, the basis of this equation works for the vast majority of individuals:

* Daily calorie target = your body weight in pounds multiplied by 15.

So for someone who wanted to be 180 lbs, they would multiply 180 x 15. This will give that individual a daily calorie target of 2700.

* Your protein intake = Total calories x 30%, divided by four.

So for the individual in question, we'd establish that 30% of 2700 is 810. Then we divide this number by 4 and it will tell us the number of grams per day of protein which would be optimal for our diet. The answer in this case is 202 grams.

* Total daily carbohydrate intake = 55% of overall calories divided by 4.

Carbohydrates are our best friend when trying to add size to our frame. Many people mistakenly believe protein is the key, but it is not. 55% of your calories should arrive from carbohydrates. In the case of our 180 lb male, this would be 1485 calories. Share this by 4 and we get a target of 371 grams.

* Fats = 15% of our calorie target, divided by 9.

Our body still needs to consume fats if we are going to achieve our fitness goals. It is a vital macronutrient. So to establish your fat intake, we need 15% of our calorie goal. This is 405. We then divide this by 9, which is the number of calories in one gram of fat, and we can see that our daily intake of fats should be around 45 grams.

The difference between bulking up safely and cleanly, as opposed to simply eating everything in sight, is the fine line which separates those who add good size from those who simply add a ton of fat. You don't want to gain size on your arms at the expense of your gut, of course. Learning the science behind how to lose weight and build lean muscle can be a confusing affair, so playing around with the principles is a key factor in striking a balance which suits your individual body.

About the Author:

Post provided by: Unveil the truth about how to build muscle with Russ Howe PTI. Russ is a leading personal trainer, teaching people facts on how to lose weight for free every morning on his website.